References

References

  1. Du Bois, W.E.B. “Colored California.” Crisis, Vol. 6, Aug. 1913, 194.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Robert Fikes, Jr. “The Struggle for Equality in ‘America’s Finest City’: A History of the San Diego NAACP” (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 2011), 3. 
  4. The state of California approved this Civil Rights Act into law on March 13, 1897. The law guarantees “that all citizens within the jurisdiction of this State shall be entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, hotels, eating-houses, barber-shops, bath-houses, theaters, skating rinks, and all other places of public accommodation or amusement, subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law and applicable alike to all citizens.” The Statutes of California and Amendments to the Codes Passed at the Thirty-Second Session of the Legislature, 1897. Sacramento: Superintendent State Printing, 1897. p. 137.
  5. Ibid.
  6. James E. Moss. “The Mary Walker Incident: Black Prejudice in San Diego, 1866,” The Journal of San Diego History, 19.2 (Spring 1973).
  7. Ibid.
  8. Laws and Resolutions Passed by the Legislature. California State Office, 1897. p. 137.
  9. The Journalist. Vol. 15-16. Journalis Publishing Company, 1892. p. 2.
  10.  “About Us.” Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. Bethelamesd.com
  11.  Smith, Stacey L. “California’s Last Slave Case,” 5 Mar. 2014. The New York Times. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/californias-last-slave-case/fred
  12.  Stacey L. Smith. Freedom’s Frontier: California and the Struggle Over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline, 2015), 131.
  13.  Nilda Rego. “Days Gone By: In 1866 S.F., ‘Mammy’ Pleasant takes a stand for civil rights,” The Mercury News, March 27, 2014.
  14.  Quintard Taylor and Shirley Ann Wilson Morris. African American Women Confront the West, 1600–2000 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), 131.
  15.  Ibid. 78.
  16.  Anderson v. Fisher, Case No. 10661, San Diego County, Superior Court Case Files, San Diego History Center, Box 159, File 15.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin. “Address to the First National Conference of Colored Women.” 1895. The Portable Nineteenth-Century African American Women Writers. Ed. Hollis Robbins and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York, Penguin. P.171.
  19. A’r’n’t I a woman – alleged
  20. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. “African-American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race.” Signs 17.2, p. 271.
  21. NAACP san diego
  22. Cooper 21-22
  23. Gail Madyun and Larry Malone. “Black Pioneers in San Diego: 1880–1920.” The Journal of San Diego History 27.2 (1981).
  24. Barbara Welter . “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.” American Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1966): 151-74. doi:10.2307/2711179.
  25. Brittney Cooper. Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2017) 12-13.
  26. Anderson v. Fisher, Case No. 10661, San Diego County, Superior Court Case Files, San Diego History Center, Box 159, File 15.
  27.  Fisher Opera House’s ads appeared in Los Angeles Herald in the early 1890s. At the turn of the century, Fisher also placed ads in numerous papers to publicize upcoming minstrel shows and even had African American soprano Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones, a.k.a. “Black Patti,” on schedule in 1904. It appears that while Fisher ejected Black patrons, he was more than willing capitalize on Black entertainers. See “Tickets Agent at San Diego,” Los Angeles Herald 13 April 1894 and “Black Patti Not Coming,” Red Bluff Daily News 31 December 1904.  California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  28.  N. D. B. Connolly. A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016) 29.
  29. Anderson v. Fisher.
  30.  Ibid.
  31. Harris, Cheryl I. “Whiteness as Property.” Harvard Law Review106, no. 8 (1993): 1707-791. doi:10.2307/1341787.
  32. Anderson v. Fisher.
  33.  For more on Black women’s legal fights in San Francisco, see Taylor and Wilson’s chapter“Mining the Mythic Past: The History of Mary Ellen Peasant” in African American Women Confront the West: 1600–2000.
  34. Robert Fikes. “Anderson, Edward W. (1871–1953)” BlackPast.org.